Hard Fork
A hard fork is a protocol change that makes some previously invalid blocks or transactions valid under new rules, creating incompatibility with non-upgraded nodes.
✦ Key Insight
It can affect wallets, exchanges, replay protection, asset naming, and network continuity.
✕ Common Misconceptions
A hard fork does not always create a lasting new asset; that depends on whether a separate network survives.
Detailed Explanation
In Practice
Dig Deeper
Node
A node is a computer or software instance that participates in a blockchain network by storing, validating, relaying, or serving network data.
Fork
A blockchain fork is a divergence in software rules or chain history that can create different versions of a network or protocol.
Mainnet
A mainnet is the live production blockchain where transactions involve assets and state with real economic value.
Consensus
Consensus is the process and rule set by which distributed blockchain participants agree on valid state and transaction history.
Soft Fork
A soft fork is a protocol change that tightens validation rules so upgraded nodes reject some blocks that older nodes would still accept.